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The global movement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is driving the phase-out of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which have high GWP values.
International agreements such as the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and regional regulations like the European Union’s F-Gas Regulation require significant reductions in the production and use of HFCs by 2030, with complete phase-out targeted by 2050.

To meet these goals, manufacturers are adopting next-generation refrigerants classified as A2L (lower flammability) and A3 (highly flammable).

These refrigerants, including R-32, R-1234yf, R-290 (propane), and R-600a (isobutane), offer lower GWP values but introduce flammability hazards that must be mitigated through advanced safety and monitoring systems.

Different applications require different types of motors. The industry's most common motor type is the induction motor. However, the AC permanent magnet motor is ideal for applications requiring precise speed control or high speed. The line-start permanent magnet (LSPM) motor combines the best characteristics of the induction motor and the permanent magnet motor.

The starting characteristics of these different motor types affect the choice of starting methods. The starting methods considered in this paper are:

• Direct-On-Line (DOL) with a Mechanical Contactor or a Solid State Relay (SSR),

• Soft starting with a Soft Starter

• Soft starting with a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

Sometimes, the starting method to be used is determined by the application, not necessarily by the type of the motor.

The trend of Industry 4.0, automation in different manufacturing processes has triggered the implementation of Industrial IoT (IIoT) systems and the use of data-driven predictive modelling to improve the availability of production systems. The implementation of such advanced technologies brings about a number of challenges. This paper introduces the various challenges related to the data collection, its transmission and transformation and how the introduction of intelligent IIoT devices, such as the NRG digital solid state relays by Carlo Gavazzi, can alleviate such issues.

This document will help decision makers, system integrators, installers and end-users of Energy Management Systems (EMS), including both the Energy Monitoring and Building Automation parts, to decide if cybersecurity should be considered while designing/deploying/proposing a new EMS.

This document aims at presenting system integrators, installers and operators of energy monitoring and building automation applications a solution to protect their remote access to the target system. The proposed solution is a secure Virtual Private Network (henceforth VPN) tunnelling, described in the following chapters.

Phase and neutral loss can be very costly failures for the end user. We will introduce some criteria and tools to reduce or clear their effects. After having a look at how electrical distribution systems are deployed, and at what happens in case of failure, we will show how to use some tools to quickly detect them and react before damage occurs. In this way the added value for the end user is huge in terms of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for the entire building.

Wireless devices are more and more used in monitoring applications. This document analyses wireless M-Bus, explaining its main features, applicable standards and points of strength in respect to other wireless technologies. Finally, some possible applications based on this technology are presented.

Turning a motor ON doesn’t automatically mean that it is running. There may be failures around and the control system (a PLC or a Building Management System - BMS) must be informed that the action is not happening. The usual question is “How valuable is it to know this early?”, to be able to trigger actions and deploy countermeasures. We’ll address the most important aspects and propose some solutions to increase the value of the performance in applications such as water circulation pumps and fans.

Industrial electric motors account for roughly 50% of the worldwide power consumption. Worldwide initiatives have been put in place by different countries in relation to the efficiency improvement of electric motors. Higher quality and more efficient motors have the potential to reduce energy use significantly. The challenge with higher efficiency induction motors (IE 3, IE 4 classes) is that of the higher starting current. Such current magnitudes may cause undesirable effects on the voltage network and may also cause protection circuits to trip. This paper covers the various challenges posed by high efficiency motors and how soft starters as well as variable frequency drives can help users overcome such issues.

This document is aimed at enabling system integrators, engineers and maintenance managers to make the best design choices, while designing and planning safety systems onto conveyors. Also installers could take advantage by reading this document, especially in the commissioning and maintenance phase of their installation’s lifecycle. Plant owners and purchasers could also find useful information on how to improve the total cost of ownership of their assets, so as to save money in the short/medium/long terms.

Use of mobile generators is increasing and becoming more popular due to the growing trend of off-grid living but also as backup power for residential homes, due to the frequent power brownouts caused by adverse weather phenomena. Starting inductive loads, such as pumps and compressors, via generators might cause frequent trips due to the high starting currents of such loads. This document outlines the issues existing today with proper sizing of generators for inductive loads and also gives practical examples of how soft starters can help overcome such issues whilst helping to reduce system costs.

This document aims at enabling system integrators and engineers to take into considerations some important points to make the right design choices while planning a building lighting system, especially in the commissioning and maintenance phases of their installation’s lifecycle. Building owners and purchasers could also find useful information about how to improve the total cost of ownership of their assets, so to save money in the short/medium/long terms.